Health was a large concern in the eighteenth century because many people died from illness and injuries. Since George and Martha both lost family members growing up, they took certain precautions to ensure the safety of their grandchildren and others under their care. Many of the enslaved were also wary of disease and injury, and took steps to protect themselves and their community.

Primary Source: Smallpox Letter

Primary Source: Smallpox Letter

Smallpox was a dangerous disease in the eighteenth century. Many of Washington's soldiers received inoculations during the war - a dangerous, yet effective treatment. Washington described this in a letter to David Grier in March 1777.

Read the Letter
Cancer

Cancer

Cancer was a concern for the Washington family, but it was difficult to treat and understand the disease. Click the link to learn more about doctors, treatments, and the cost of care.

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Washington's Tooth Troubles

1755
1789
Purchases toothbrushes
Washington's first tooth is removed
Continues to try to save his teeth
Washington's letter to his dentist is intercepted by the British
Washington wears partial false teeth
Enter Dentist Dr. Le Mayeur
Washington has new denture model made
Receives final set of dentures
Washington loses last tooth

1755

Purchases toothbrushes

On May 23, 1755, at the age of 23, Washington records the purchase of two toothbrushes, the cost of which was a total of one shilling, nine pence in his ledger.

Washington's first tooth is removed

At the tender age of 24, Washington's first tooth was extracted despite having taken care of his teeth in his youth. His letters indicate that he had purchased toothbrushes and dental powders before this date.

Continues to try to save his teeth

Despite the declining state of his teeth, Washington continues to purchase toothbrushes and "dentifrice". On November 11, 1773, Washington makes these purchases from Dr. John Baker, which cost one shilling five pence.

Washington's letter to his dentist is intercepted by the British

In 1781, Washington writes to his dentist Dr. William Baker, requesting pincers to affix wire to his teeth, and also to be provided teeth scrapers. He also appeals to the doctor that his teeth are in sore need of cleaning. This letter was intercepted by the British the same year.

Washington wears partial false teeth

At 49 years old, Washington wears false teeth wired to his remaining ones. He'd already been wearing partial false teeth for nearly 2 years.

Enter Dentist Dr. Le Mayeur

Washington begins a rapport with French dentist Dr. Le Mayeur, a relationship that would last for a number of years. The Washingtons entertained Le Mayeur frequently at Mount Vernon, and the General's step-grandson young Washington Parke Custis (Washy) took an especial liking to the kind dentist.

Washington has new denture model made

Washington uses a combination of wax and plaster to fashion a model of his mouth for his dentist.

Receives final set of dentures

Washington's final pair of dentures are made from a combination of metal, human teeth, cow teeth, and elephant ivory.  These dentures have been preserved and reside in the Mount Vernon collection.

Washington loses last tooth

Dentist Dr. Greenwood extracts Washington's last tooth, which the General presents to him as a token of his regard.

Want to explore more about Washington's teeth?

Click the link to interact with an additional timeline

More Dental Troubles

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