[{"title":"16-Sided Barn","blurb":"The 16-Sided barn on Washington's Dogue Run farm was one of the most innovative structures at Mount Vernon","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/16-sided-barn\/"},{"title":"1779 Campaign","blurb":"In 1779, General Washington made a series of strategic decisions that defeated a British offensive, maintained control of the Hudson River, and protected critical Continental Army resources.  ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/1779-campaign\/"},{"title":"Abigail Adams","blurb":"Abigail Adams was a humanitarian, activist, and leader with an acute sense of both America's successes and failures.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/abigail-adams\/"},{"title":"Accepting the Presidency","blurb":"Amongst George Washington's contributions to the burgeoning American Republic included presiding over?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/accepting-the-presidency\/"},{"title":"Acts of Congress","blurb":"One of the early responsibilities of the Congress' official printer was to prepare bound copies of the?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/acts-of-congress\/"},{"title":"Adam Stephen","blurb":"Adam Stephen immigrated to Virginia from Scotland after serving as a surgeon aboard a British hospital ship during the War of Jenkins\u2019 Ear.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/adam-stephen\/"},{"title":"Adolf Ulrik Wertm\u00fcller","blurb":"On November 8, 1794, the Swedish artist Adolf Ulrik Wertm\u00fcller recorded his completion of a portrait of America's first President.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/adolf-ulrik-wertmuller\/"},{"title":"Agricultural Equipment","blurb":"George Washington was frequently at the forefront of new and improved farming techniques. From his utilization?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/agricultural-equipment\/"},{"title":"Albin Rawlins","blurb":"Clerk and secretary, Albin Rawlins worked for George Washingon from March 1798 until 1799. While working?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/albin-rawlins\/"},{"title":"Alexander Cleveland","blurb":"An overseer at Muddy Hole Farm, Alexander Cleveland began working for George Washington in 1765, and?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/alexander-cleveland\/"},{"title":"Alexander Hamilton","blurb":"Alexander Hamilton was a founding father of the United States, who fought in the American Revolutionary War, helped draft the Constitution, and served as the first secretary of the treasury. He was the founder and chief architect of the American financial system.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/alexander-hamilton\/"},{"title":"Alexandria Academy","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/alexandria-academy\/"},{"title":"Alexandria, Virginia","blurb":"As the nearest large city to Mount Vernon, George Washington spent many days and nights in Alexandria, Virginia.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/alexandria-virginia\/"},{"title":"Allegheny Expedition","blurb":"A 21-year old George Washington was directed to deliver an ultimatum the French in the Ohio Valley.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/allegheny-expedition\/"},{"title":"Allied visits to Mount Vernon during the Second World War","blurb":"From 1939 to 1945, an unprecedented number of foreign dignitaries visited Mount Vernon during their official tours of the United States. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/allied-visits-to-mount-vernon-during-the-second-world-war\/"},{"title":"American Ancestry","blurb":"The story of the Washington family in America began in the mid-1650s when two young men, John Washington?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/american-ancestry\/"},{"title":"Ancestry","blurb":""This is a subject to which I confess I have paid very little attention," George Washington wrote to?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/ancestry\/"},{"title":"Andrew Lewis","blurb":"Andrew Lewis served as one of George Washington\u2019s principal officers in the Virginia Regiment during the French and Indian War.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/andrew-lewis\/"},{"title":"Ann Pamela Cunningham","blurb":"Ann Pamela Cunningham created the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association in 1853","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/ann-pamela-cunningham\/"},{"title":"Annapolis Convention","blurb":"Held September 11-14, 1786, the Annapolis Convention was a meeting incipiently aimed at constructing uniform parameters to regulate trade between states during a time of political turbulence and economic strain.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/annapolis-convention\/"},{"title":"Anthony Walton White","blurb":"Siding with the opposition to the royal government, Anthony Walton White was recommended to General George Washington in the first weeks of his command of the Continental Army by George Clinton, a delegate to the Continental Congress from New York. Washington tried White as an aide-de-camp for several weeks, but courteously turned him down in favor of Robert Hanson Harrison in October of 1775.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/anthony-walton-white\/"},{"title":"Anthony Wayne","blurb":"Anthony Wayne was a notable military officer who served in both the War of the American Revolution and in campaigns during George Washington\u2019s Presidential administration. Wayne was famous for his military ardor and his aggressive leadership in combat, earning the sobriquet \u201cMad Anthony,\u201d but he was also noteworthy for his careful planning prior to going on campaigns.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/anthony-wayne\/"},{"title":"Appointment as Commander in Chief","blurb":"George Washington arrived at the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia on May 9, 1775.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/appointment-as-commander-in-chief\/"},{"title":"Arthur St. Clair","blurb":"The high point of Arthur St. Clair's long military career, which began when he was a young British officer in the French and Indian War, came when General George Washington\u00a0visited his quarters in Trenton, New Jersey on the evening of January 2, 1777. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/arthur-st-clair\/"},{"title":"Arthur Young","blurb":"Arthur Young was one of the first experts to publish widely on English farming practices and encourage experimentation in agriculture.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/arthur-young\/"},{"title":"Asgill Affair","blurb":"In April 1782, the Board of Associated Loyalists in Monmouth, New Jersey executed the Continental Army?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/asgill-affair\/"},{"title":"Aurora General Advertiser","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/aurora-general-advertiser\/"},{"title":"Ball Family","blurb":"The Ball family line connects to George Washington through his maternal lineage. The first member of?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/ball-family\/"},{"title":"Barbados","blurb":"In 1749, George Washington's half-brother Lawrence fell ill with a cough. By 1751 the illness matured?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/barbados\/"},{"title":"Baron von Steuben","blurb":"On February 23, 1778, George Washington rode out of Valley Forge to meet Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, who's expertise in military training was second to none.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/baron-von-steuben\/"},{"title":"Bastille Key","blurb":"In 1790 George Washington received the key to the Bastille prison from an appreciative Marquis de Lafayette.  It remains at Mount Vernon to this day. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/bastille-key\/"},{"title":"Battle of Bennington","blurb":"The Battle of Bennington, on August 16, 1777, formed part of the Saratoga Campaign.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-bennington\/"},{"title":"Battle of Brandywine","blurb":"The Battle of Brandywine, fought just outside of Philadelphia on September 11, 1777, resulted in an overarching British victory and the conquest of the rebel seat of government.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-brandywine\/"},{"title":"Battle of Cowpens","blurb":"The Battle of Cowpens was fought on January 17, 1781, near Thicketty Creek, South Carolina, on a 500 square yard grazing pasture.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-cowpens\/"},{"title":"Battle of Germantown","blurb":"General George Washington's attack upon the British at Germantown on October 4, 1777, surprised the British, but ultimately ended in a sharp defeat.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-germantown\/"},{"title":"Battle of Guilford Courthouse","blurb":"The Battle of Guilford Courthouse was the turning point of the Southern Campaign of 1780-1781.  The British "victory" resulted in Lord Cornwallis' retreat to Yorktown and the eventual capture of his entire army.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-guilford-courthouse\/"},{"title":"Battle of Harlem Heights","blurb":"After the Battle of Harlem Heights on September 16, 1776, General George Washington was disappointed that his men failed to execute his orders, but he had won his first battlefield victory of the war.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-harlem-heights\/"},{"title":"Battle of Kip's Bay","blurb":"George Washington\u00a0and his officers considered abandoning and even burning New York City\u00a0after retreating from Long Island on August 29. Washington, however, erroneously believed that Congress wanted the city held and deployed his forces on a sixteen-mile front.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-kip-s-bay\/"},{"title":"Battle of Long Island","blurb":"After the British evacuated Boston\u00a0on March 17, 1776, General George Washington guessed correctly that their next target would be New York. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-long-island\/"},{"title":"Battle of Monmouth","blurb":"While considered to be a draw on the battlefield, Washington was able to deftly portray the Battle of Monmouth as a strategic victory.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-monmouth\/"},{"title":"Battle of Newtown","blurb":"Ordered by General George Washington to harass combined Loyalist and Native American forces in Southern New York, General John Sullivan soon found his men in skirmishes throughout August and September of 1779. The largest of these was the Battle of Newtown, near Elmira, New York which took place on August 29.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-newtown\/"},{"title":"Battle of Princeton","blurb":"On January 3, 1777, Continental Army soldiers under the command of General George Washington defeated a force of British troops near Princeton, New Jersey.  The action was part of a larger campaign to regain momentum following a string of defeats in the New York City area throughout the summer and fall of 1776.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-princeton\/"},{"title":"Battle of Saratoga","blurb":"The Battle of Saratoga, fought in two stages on September 19 and October 7, 1777, proved to be a turning point in the American struggle for independence. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-saratoga\/"},{"title":"Battle of Second Trenton","blurb":"On 2 January 1777, a Continental Army force led by George Washington successfully repulsed a British attack in Trenton, New Jersey by soldiers under the command of Lord Charles Cornwallis.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-second-trenton\/"},{"title":"Battle of Stony Point","blurb":"In early 1779, Parliament sent a directive to General Sir Henry Clinton, commander of British forces in America, to bring George Washington into a general action at the start of the campaign.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-stony-point\/"},{"title":"Battle of the Chesapeake ","blurb":"The Battle of the Chesapeake was a naval engagement pitting the French naval fleet under Admiral Fran\u00e7ois Joseph Paul de Grasse against a British fleet under Admiral Sir Thomas Graves that took place near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay on September 5, 1781. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-the-chesapeake\/"},{"title":"Battle of Trenton","blurb":"Immediately following his famous crossing of the Delaware\u00a0River, General George Washington\u00a0marched the Continental Army\u00a0to Trenton, New Jersey. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-trenton\/"},{"title":"Battle of White Plains","blurb":"The Battle of White Plains on October 28, 1776 ended in defeat for General George Washington and his army as they retreated from New York City following a series of British victories earlier that summer. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/battle-of-white-plains\/"},{"title":"Batty Langley","blurb":"Batty Langley was most renowned for producing architectural pattern books that provided plans and elevations for builders in both Britain and the American colonies.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/batty-langley\/"},{"title":"Bedchamber","blurb":"In 1774, George Washington began the construction of a private wing of the Mount Vernon mansion to provide?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/bedchamber\/"},{"title":"Beer","blurb":"Beer was a favorite drink of George Washington, as it was for many people living in the eighteenth century.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/beer\/"},{"title":"Belvoir","blurb":"The estate and manor of the prominent Fairfax family of Virginia, Belvoir was located on a peninsula?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/belvoir\/"},{"title":"Benedict Arnold","blurb":"A General in the Continental Army\u00a0during the Revolutionary War, Benedict Arnold served with distinction in several battles but was passed over for promotions several times. Frustrated by the opposition he encountered, Arnold eventually started working for the British even while continuing\u00a0to serve in the Continental Army. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/benedict-arnold\/"},{"title":"Benjamin Franklin","blurb":"George Washington may rightly be known as the "Father of his Country" but, for the two decades before the American Revolution, Benjamin Franklin was the world's most famous American.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/benjamin-franklin\/"},{"title":"Benjamin Franklin Bache","blurb":"Benjamin Bache is regarded as one of the fathers of the American tradition of the ideological and partisan political press.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/benjamin-franklin-bache\/"},{"title":"Benjamin Franklin in London","blurb":"As Mount Vernon is to George Washington and Monticello is to Thomas Jefferson, 36 Craven Street in London is to Benjamin Franklin. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/benjamin-franklin-in-london\/"},{"title":"Benjamin Franklin, Espionage and Counter-Espionage","blurb":"Benjamin Franklin made his fortune as a printer, journalist and newspaper proprietor, before taking up a non-executive role in his own firm to dedicate his time to public service. It was natural that he should build close contacts with the newspaper trade during his time in London as a political representative.   ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/benjamin-franklin-espionage-and-counter-espionage\/"},{"title":"Benjamin Latrobe","blurb":"Benjamin Latrobe is widely regarded as the first professional architect in the United States.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/benjamin-latrobe\/"},{"title":"Benjamin Tallmadge","blurb":"American espionage has its roots in the Revolutionary War, specifically in the network known as the Culper Spy Ring. At the center of this ring, appointed by General George Washington to provide military intelligence from the British headquarters in New York City, was Major Benjamin Tallmadge.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/benjamin-tallmadge\/"},{"title":"Betty Washington Lewis","blurb":"Betty Washington Lewis was the only sister of George Washington to survive to adulthood. Her family'ss devotion and loyalty to the Patriot's wartime effort led them to financial hardship. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/betty-washington-lewis\/"},{"title":"Bible","blurb":"The Bible was the most accessible and influential book in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century America.  George Washington, like most gentlemen of his time and social standing, was acquainted with it, specifically the King James Bible, and he liberally seasoned his discourse with biblical phrases and allusions.  Washington?s papers contain hundreds of biblical quotations, figures of speech, idioms, proverbs, and allusions.  No literary text is referenced more frequently in his writings.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/bible\/"},{"title":"Bier Carriers","blurb":"The following individuals served as the bier carriers at George Washington's funeral.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/bier-carriers\/"},{"title":"Birds","blurb":"Birds were a feature of life at the Mount Vernon mansion for at least three decades.  As early as April?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/birds\/"},{"title":"Blacksmith Shop","blurb":"Blacksmithing was an important craft activity throughout most of the Washington family's ownership of?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/blacksmith-shop\/"},{"title":"British Occupation of New York City","blurb":"On August 22, 1776, New Yorkers heard the cannon blasts of the Battle of Long Island. Five days later, an expeditionary force of over 32,000 British regulars, 10 ships of line, 20 frigates, and 170 transports defeated Washington\u2019s troops at Kip\u2019s Bay and invaded Manhattan Island. Thus began seven years of British occupation in the City of New York.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/british-occupation-of-new-york-city\/"},{"title":"Buffalo","blurb":"George Washington spent much time in the West as a young man, both as a surveyor and as a soldier serving?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/buffalo\/"},{"title":"Bullskin Lands","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/bullskin-lands\/"},{"title":"Burials at Mount Vernon","blurb":"The following lists provide information on the known burials at Mount Vernon.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/burials-at-mount-vernon\/"},{"title":"Bushrod Washington","blurb":"One of General George Washington\u2019s closest relatives, Bushrod was the son of General Washington\u2019s brother, John Augustine, and his wife, Hannah Bushrod.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/bushrod-washington\/"},{"title":"Caesar","blurb":"Caesar was a field worker on Mount Vernon\u2019s Union Farm. He was literate and preached to the local black population.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/caesar\/"},{"title":"Caleb Gibbs","blurb":"Appointed the commander of the Commander-in-Chief's Guard on March 12, 1776, Caleb Gibbs served as both the head of headquarters security and chief steward of George Washington\u2019s military household for nearly five years.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/caleb-gibbs\/"},{"title":"Cambridge","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/cambridge\/"},{"title":"Camel","blurb":"George Washington brought a camel to Mount Vernon for Christmas in 1787.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/camel\/"},{"title":"Camp Followers","blurb":"Camp followers in the Continental Army served a critical role in the day-to-day functions of the American revolutionary cause. By the winter of 1777, around two thousand women marched with American troops and worked as seamstresses, nurses, and cooks. In many cases, women who followed the army were widows, runaway servants, or those who faced poverty because of the war. The wives of high-ranking officers, including Martha Washington, also accompanied their husbands at winter encampments. Though they supported the operations of the military, camp followers were often disparaged for taking a share of the already meager resources of the Continental Army.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/camp-followers\/"},{"title":"Caroline Branham","blurb":"Caroline Branham was the mother of nine, wife of Peter Hardiman, and a housemaid who was enslaved at Mount Vernon.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/caroline-branham\/"},{"title":"Casimir Pulaski","blurb":"Casimir Pulaski was a Polish nobleman who became a brigadier general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/casimir-pulaski\/"},{"title":"Catharine Sawbridge Macaulay Graham (1731-1791)","blurb":"Catharine Sawbridge Macaulay Graham was a prominent English historian and writer at the forefront of radical transatlantic politics in the eighteenth century. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/catharine-sawbridge-macaulay-graham-1731-1791\/"},{"title":"Cato","blurb":"In May 1778,  Colonel William Bradford, Jr. wrote to his sister from  Valley Forge:  ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/cato\/"},{"title":"Cattle","blurb":"Just after the Revolutionary War, Washington had almost 350 heads of cattle at Mount Vernon.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/cattle\/"},{"title":"Centennial of Washington's Birthday","blurb":"In February 1832, Congress was engaged in a fierce set of debates over tariff legislation.  While tariff?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/centennial-of-washingtons-birthday\/"},{"title":"Champagne","blurb":"In eighteenth century America, wines from France were less commonly available than those from Spain and?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/champagne\/"},{"title":"Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess and 2nd Earl Cornwallis (1738-1805)","blurb":"Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess and 2nd Earl Cornwallis, served as a general in the British Army during the American War for Independence. Cornwallis held commands in the colonies throughout the duration of the war and was frequently George Washington\u2019s battlefield counterpart. He is best known for his surrender at the Siege of Yorktown in 1781, which effectively ended hostilities and led to peace negotiations between Britain and America.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/charles-cornwallis-1st-marquess-and-2nd-earl-cornwallis-1738-1805\/"},{"title":"Charles Lee","blurb":"A former British Army officer, Charles Lee retired from that service shortly before he joined the American rebellion.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/charles-lee\/"},{"title":"Charles Peale Polk","blurb":"The Peale family of painters is among the most lauded in American art.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/charles-peale-polk\/"},{"title":"Charles Washington (1738-1799)","blurb":"Charles Washington (1738-1799) was George Washington\u2019s youngest brother.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/charles-washington-1738-1799\/"},{"title":"Charles Willson Peale","blurb":"Charles Willson Peale\u2014artist, Maryland native, radical patriot, inventor, and naturalist\u2014was one figure who helped shape American self-perception. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/charles-willson-peale\/"},{"title":"Charles Willson Peale's Cabinet Portrait","blurb":"Between 1772 and 1798, twenty-four artists painted George Washington. Charles Willson Peale was the first?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/charles-willson-peales-cabinet-portrait\/"},{"title":"Cherokee","blurb":"A nation of native North Americans, the Cherokee have a long connection to the present-day eastern and?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/cherokee\/"},{"title":"Cherry Tree Myth","blurb":"The cherry tree myth is the most well-known and longest enduring legend about George Washington. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/cherry-tree-myth\/"},{"title":"Chinese Porcelain","blurb":"The wide array of ceramics and Chinese porcelains that made their way to George Washington's residence at Mount Vernon were a testament not only to his own personal taste but also reflected a popular fashion among the American elite. Elegantly furnished dining and tea tables were common among the aristocracy in eighteenth-century England and France, and prosperous Americans eagerly imported similar luxury goods both before and after the Revolution.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/chinese-porcelain\/"},{"title":"Chippendale Side Chair","blurb":"The Chippendale side chair was one of the fourteen plain mahogany side chairs that George Washington used in New York City.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/chippendale-side-chair\/"},{"title":"Christmas at Mount Vernon","blurb":"Christmas was primarily a religious holiday in eighteenth-century Virginia. It was also, however, a festive occasion marked by visits between friends and relatives, celebratory parties, and public assemblies.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/christmas-at-mount-vernon\/"},{"title":"Christopher Gist","blurb":"Gist was formally trained as a surveyor, possibly from his father who helped survey Baltimore. However, it is clear from Gist's journals that his education was not limited to surveying. Gist kept three detailed journals that attest to his thoroughness and intelligence. His writing presents impressive descriptive abilities that could be unexpected from a frontier explorer.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/christopher-gist\/"},{"title":"Christopher Sheels (1776 - ?)","blurb":"Christopher Sheels was born in 1776, the second child of Alce (likely pronounced \u201cAl-sie\u201d), a spinner at Mansion House Farm.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/christopher-sheels-1776\/"},{"title":"Cincinnatus","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/cincinnatus\/"},{"title":"Circular Letter to the States","blurb":"Having received news of the signing of a preliminary peace treaty on April 11, 1783 Congress proclaimed?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/circular-letter-to-the-states\/"},{"title":"Classicism","blurb":"Thirteen centuries after the Roman Empire fell in 476 A.D., the compendium of Roman classics served as an ideological guidebook for the American founders. Classical Roman concepts and figures exerted a formative influence on the founders\u2019 governmental theories and principles of virtue.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/classicism\/"},{"title":"Coat of Arms","blurb":"The early lineage of the Washington family line can be traced back to Sir William de Hertburn. Upon being?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/coat-of-arms\/"},{"title":"Commemoration of George Washington's Birthday","blurb":"Since 1879, "George Washington's Birthday" has been a legal work holiday for employees of the Federal?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/commemoration-of-george-washingtons-birthday\/"},{"title":"Committees of Correspondence","blurb":"Committees of correspondence were longstanding institutions that became a key communications system during the early years of the American Revolution (1772-1776). Towns, counties, and colonies from Nova Scotia to Georgia had their own committees of correspondence. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/committees-of-correspondence\/"},{"title":"Connecticut Raids","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/connecticut-raids\/"},{"title":"Conotocarious","blurb":"In the fall of 1753, as French forces moved into the Ohio Valley to build a series of forts, George Washington?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/conotocarious\/"},{"title":"Constitutional Convention","blurb":"The Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from May 14 to September 17. Delegates gathered to correct the various problems that had arisen while the newly-independent nation was operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain. The historic result of the Convention was the crafting of the United States Constitution.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/constitutional-convention\/"},{"title":"Continental Army","blurb":"As Major General and Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, George Washington\u00a0won the military struggle for American Independence. Remarkably, however, Washington's army won only three of the nine major battles that he oversaw and was often retreating.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/continental-army\/"},{"title":"Conway Cabal","blurb":"The Conway Cabal refers to a loosely organized attempt by a group of military officers and members of?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/conway-cabal\/"},{"title":"Copy Press","blurb":"George Washington used an innovative copy press to help create duplicates of his written correspondence.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/copy-press\/"},{"title":"Cornelius McDermott Roe","blurb":"An indentured stonemason and bricklayer, Carnelius McDermott Roe worked at Mount Vernon from 1784 until?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/cornelius-mcdermott-roe\/"},{"title":"Courtship","blurb":"On the morning of January 6, 1759, a young widow named Martha Dandridge Custis married a young man named?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/courtship\/"},{"title":"Creek Nation ","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/creek-nation\/"},{"title":"Crossing of the Delaware","blurb":"General George Washington's commitment to cross the Delaware River on Christmas 1776 foreshadowed the many hardships faced as well as the eventual victory of the Continental Army during the American Revolution.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/crossing-of-the-delaware\/"},{"title":"Culper Spy Ring","blurb":"The Culper Spy Ring was an American spy network operating during the War of American Independence\u00a0that provided George Washington\u00a0with information on British troop movements.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/culper-spy-ring\/"},{"title":"Cupola Tower","blurb":"The precise construction date of the cupola tower on the Mount Vernon mansion is unknown.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/cupola-tower\/"},{"title":"Custis Family","blurb":"The Custis family in America can trace its roots to the late seventeenth century, when the family split?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/custis-family\/"},{"title":"Dagworthy Controversy","blurb":"During the French and Indian War, George Washington became embroiled in several different arguments over?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/dagworthy-controversy\/"},{"title":"Daniel Morgan","blurb":"Daniel Morgan, a brigadier general in the American Revolutionary War, was one of the Continental Army\u2019s most valuable tacticians and commander of several of the most successful rifle corps of the war.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/daniel-morgan\/"},{"title":"Darby Vassall","blurb":"When General George Washington approached his revolutionary headquarters at the John Vassall estate in Cambridge, Massachusetts, for the first time in July 1775, he encountered a young African American boy swinging on the front gate. That boy, six-year-old Darby Vassall, had just returned to his original home after his second master had died at the Battle of Bunker Hill. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/darby-vassall\/"},{"title":"David Cowan","blurb":"A gardener who worked at Mount Vernon in the early 1770s, David Cowan left George Washington's employ?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/david-cowan\/"},{"title":"David Ramsay","blurb":"David Ramsay is considered to be one of the first major historians of the American Revolution. His significant contributions to American literature include two volumes of History of the Revolution in South Carolina (1785), History of the American Revolution (1787), and The Life of George Washington (1807). ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/david-ramsay\/"},{"title":"Davy Gray","blurb":"In 1799, Davy Gray was about 56 years old and worked as an enslaved overseer on Mount Vernon\u2019s outlying farms.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/davy-gray\/"},{"title":"Deborah Sampson","blurb":"Deborah Sampson is best known for disguising herself as a man to serve in the Continental Army from May 1782 to October 1783. She was also one of the first women to receive a pension for her military service and the first woman to go on a national lecture tour of the United States.\u00a0","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/deborah-sampson\/"},{"title":"Declaration of Independence","blurb":"The Continental Congress voted for independence on July 2, 1776. Two days later on July 4, a declaration explaining the reasons for independence, largely written by Thomas Jefferson, was adopted. George Washington received official notification when a letter dated July 6 arrived from John Hancock, the president of the Continental Congress, along with a copy of the declaration.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/declaration-of-independence\/"},{"title":"Deer","blurb":"During the 1780s and 1790s, George Washington transformed the area just below the lawn overlooking the?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/deer\/"},{"title":"Democratic-Republican Societies","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/democratic-republican-societies\/"},{"title":"Department of the Treasury","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/department-of-the-treasury\/"},{"title":"Development of Mount Vernon","blurb":"1. First Phase2. Second Phase3. Third Phase4. Farm Improvements","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/development-of-mount-vernon\/"},{"title":"Dick Jasper","blurb":"Dick Jasper was described as a "labouring man" in the list of enslaved people at Mount Vernon Washington compiled in 1786.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/dick-jasper\/"},{"title":"Dining at Mount Vernon","blurb":"The Washington family typically ate two substantial meals per day\u2014breakfast at 7 a.m. and dinner at 3 p.m. Tea or coffee sometimes followed in the early evening. The Washingtons relied on enslaved butlers, cooks, waiters, and housemaids to support their daily meals and frequent dinner parties.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/dining-at-mount-vernon\/"},{"title":"Disease in the Revolutionary War","blurb":"In the first years of the Revolutionary War, George Washington and his Continental Army faced a threat that proved deadlier than the British: a smallpox epidemic, lasting from 1775-1782.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/disease-in-the-revolutionary-war\/"},{"title":"Dismal Swamp Company","blurb":"A land-speculation venture, the Dismal Swamp Company was founded in 1763 to drain, tame, and make profitable the Great Dismal Swamp.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/dismal-swamp-company\/"},{"title":"Dogs","blurb":"There were many dogs living at Mount Vernon during George Washington's lifetime. These animals were owned?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/dogs\/"},{"title":"Dogue Run Farm","blurb":"In 1799, Mount Vernon consisted of 8,000 acres divided into five farms: Mansion House, Dogue Run, Muddy Hole, River, and Union, plus a gristmill and distillery. Dogue Run Farm was assembled over time through numerous purchases of smaller tracts.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/dogue-run-farm\/"},{"title":"Doll","blurb":"Doll was among the more than 80 enslaved people whom Martha Dandridge Custis brought to her marriage to George Washington. She worked as the Mount Vernon estate's cook for many years. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/doll\/"},{"title":"Don Quixote","blurb":"George Washington spent the summer of 1787 in Philadelphia presiding over the Federal Convention that?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/don-quixote\/"},{"title":"Donkeys","blurb":"Donkeys were utilized to breed mules for work on the Mount Vernon plantation, by mating with female horses?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/donkeys\/"},{"title":"Downstairs Bedroom","blurb":"The Downstairs Bedroom served as a bedchamber as early as 1759. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/downstairs-bedroom\/"},{"title":"Dung Repository","blurb":"The Dung Repository was an important part of the plantation at Mount Vernon.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/dung-repository\/"},{"title":"Early History of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","blurb":"Learn more about the founding of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/early-history-of-the-mount-vernon-ladies-association\/"},{"title":"Early Refurnishing Efforts: Lafayette Room ","blurb":"Since the Mount Vernon Ladies? Association began its preservation of Mount Vernon, one bedchamber has always been interpreted as the Lafayette Room.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/early-refurnishing-efforts-lafayette-room\/"},{"title":"Early Refurnishing Efforts: Old Chamber ","blurb":"As the Mount Vernon Ladies Association?s larger interpretation of Mount Vernon has evolved since its possession of the mansion in 1860, so have the decoration and furnishings of the first floor bedchamber?which the Washington?s knew as the ?Old Chamber.? The MVLA?s goal has always been to keep the rooms within the mansion ?as Washington left them.?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/early-refurnishing-efforts-old-chamber\/"},{"title":"Early Views of Mount Vernon","blurb":"Mount Vernon was one of the most famous buildings in North America in the decades both during and after?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/early-views-of-mount-vernon\/"},{"title":"Eastman Johnson","blurb":"Eastman Johnson's one exterior view of the Mansion, The Old Mount Vernon, was not widely known during his lifetime. Since that time, recognition of this quiet masterpiece has grown significantly.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/eastman-johnson\/"},{"title":"Edmond Charles Genet","blurb":"Edmond Charles Genet was a French diplomat sent to the United States during George Washington's first term as president in 1792. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/edmond-charles-genet\/"},{"title":"Edmund Parker","blurb":"Edmund Parker worked for the Mount Vernon Ladies\u2019 Association as the guard at Washington\u2019s tomb. Years earlier, he had been enslaved on the estate.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/edmund-parker\/"},{"title":"Edmund Randolph","blurb":"Edmund Randolph pursued a career in law, served as an aide-de-camp to General George Washington\u00a0in 1775, and later had an extensive political career.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/edmund-randolph\/"},{"title":"Education","blurb":"George Washington's education resulted from a process of close study and imitation of the Virginia elite?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/education\/"},{"title":"Edward Braddock ","blurb":"General Edward Braddock commanded British forces in the unsuccessful 1755 campaign to expel the French from the Ohio Valley near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/edward-braddock\/"},{"title":"Edward Everett","blurb":"Edward Everett is, perhaps, best remembered as the other person who spoke at Gettysburg, lecturing for two hours compared to Abraham Lincoln's brief, but much better-known two-minute address. Everett also played a very important role in ensuring the preservation of George Washington's estate.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/edward-everett\/"},{"title":"Edward Savage","blurb":"Edward Savage was a self-taught painter and engraver and painted at least seven portraits of Washington and two of Martha Washington.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/edward-savage\/"},{"title":"Eleanor "Nelly" Parke Custis","blurb":"Eleanor Parke Custis was the youngest of Martha Washington's three granddaughters. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/eleanor-nelly-parke-custis\/"},{"title":"Eleanor Forbes","blurb":"Eleanor Forbes was a housekeeper who worked at Mount Vernon from December 1797 until at least December 1797.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/eleanor-forbes\/"},{"title":"Elizabeth Bryant Johnston","blurb":"Elizabeth Bryant Johnston wrote, prepared, and owned the earliest Visitors' Guide to Mount Vernon.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/elizabeth-bryant-johnston\/"},{"title":"Elizabeth Thompson","blurb":"Elizabeth Thompson of New York served as George Washington's housekeeper at his various Revolutionary War headquarters from 1776 until 1781. For her devoted service to the former commander-in-chief, the Continental Congress awarded Thompson a lifetime pension in 1785.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/elizabeth-thompson\/"},{"title":"Elizabeth Willing Powel","blurb":"Elizabeth Willing Powel, considered one of the premiere social figures of Colonial and Early Republic Philadelphia, played a vital role in American history as a close friend and confidant to both George and Martha Washington.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/elizabeth-willing-powel\/"},{"title":"Enslaved Burial Ground","blurb":"One of the earliest descriptions of the enslaved burial ground at Mount Vernon came from the journal of Caroline?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/enslaved-burial-ground\/"},{"title":"Espionage Tactics","blurb":"Spy tactics are crucial to gaining military advantages over enemy troops. While serving in the French and Indian War, George Washington experimented with organizing groups of spies and discovered the importance of codes and ciphers for wartime correspondence. During the Revolutionary War, Washington centralized intelligence operations, created spy rings, emphasized use of codes and invisible ink, and employed various other espionage tactics.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/espionage-tactics\/"},{"title":"Eulogies","blurb":"After George Washington died on the evening of December 14, 1799, news spread slowly from Mount Vernon to the rest of the young republic. However, once people heard the surprising news, they expressed their grief and gratitude in over 400 mourning ceremonies...","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/eulogies\/"},{"title":"Exterior Architectural Details","blurb":"Mount Vernon was one of the most famous buildings in North America in the decades both during and after?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/exterior-architectural-details\/"},{"title":"Fabian Strategy ","blurb":"Carthaginian general Hannibal\u2019s invasion of Italy during the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) provided posterity with two alternative examples of effective military strategy. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/fabian-strategy\/"},{"title":"Fairfax Family","blurb":"The Fairfax family of Fairfax County, Virginia, lived in a splendid brick mansion called Belvoir on the?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/fairfax-family\/"},{"title":"False Teeth","blurb":"George Washington\u00a0suffered from poor dental health throughout his adulthood; beginning in his twenties he experienced regular toothaches, decay, and tooth loss.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/false-teeth\/"},{"title":"Fanny Bassett","blurb":"Frances "Fanny" Bassett was Martha Washington's niece, the daughter of Anna Maria Dandridge and her husband?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/fanny-bassett\/"},{"title":"Farm Structure","blurb":"By 1799 the Mount Vernon\u00a0estate totaled nearly 8,000 acres and was divided into five farms: Mansion House, Dogue Run, Muddy Hole, River, and Union, plus a gristmill and distillery.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/farm-structure\/"},{"title":"Father of His Country","blurb":"George Washington?s critical role during the Revolutionary War, Constitutional Convention, and his two?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/father-of-his-country\/"},{"title":"Federalist Papers","blurb":"Known before the twentieth century simply as The Federalist, The Federalist Papers\u00a0were a series of eighty-five?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/federalist-papers\/"},{"title":"Ferry Farm","blurb":"Ferry Farm is the setting for much of the existing mythology of George Washington's childhood derived?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/ferry-farm\/"},{"title":"Fidel Castro's Visit to Mount Vernon","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/fidel-castros-visit-to-mount-vernon\/"},{"title":"Fielding Lewis","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/fielding-lewis\/"},{"title":"First and Second Inaugurals","blurb":"After taking the oath of office on the portico at Federal Hall in New York City on April 30, 1789 before?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/first-and-second-inaugurals\/"},{"title":"First Annual Address to Congress","blurb":"On January 8, 1790, President George Washington delivered the very first Annual Message to a Joint Session of Congress (now known as the State of the Union address), in the Senate chamber of Federal Hall in New York City.  The address fulfilled Article II, Section 3, Clause 1 of the U.S.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/first-annual-address-to-congress\/"},{"title":"First Continental Congress","blurb":"The First Continental Congress convened in Carpenters\u2019 Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, between September 5 and October 26, 1774. Delegates from twelve of Britain\u2019s thirteen American colonies met to discuss America\u2019s future under growing British aggression. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/first-continental-congress\/"},{"title":"First in War, First in Peace, and First in the Hearts of His Countrymen","blurb":""First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." These famous words about George Washington\u00a0come from a eulogy written by Henry \u201cLight Horse Harry\u201d Lee.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/first-in-war-first-in-peace-and-first-in-the-hearts-of-his-countrymen\/"},{"title":"Forbes Expedition","blurb":"The Forbes Expedition of 1758 was the third attempt by Virginia Colonel George Washington to capture?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/forbes-expedition\/"},{"title":"Fort Necessity","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/fort-necessity\/"},{"title":"Francis Fauquier ","blurb":"Writing from Fort Loudoun, Virginia, on June 17, 1758, Colonel George Washington honored Francis Fauquier with best wishes for a successful tenure as the new lieutenant governor of the Colony of Virginia.\u00a0 Thomas Jefferson later deemed Fauquier "the ablest man" to have occupied this post.\u00a0 Lauded and beloved, Fauquier\u2019s justness in disputes and enthusiasm for education reflect the Enlightenment ideas he espoused.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/francis-fauquier\/"},{"title":"Fran\u00e7ois-Jean de Chastellux","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/francois-jean-de-chastellux\/"},{"title":"Frank Lee","blurb":"Frank Lee arrived at Mount Vernon in 1768 after George Washington purchased him.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/frank-lee\/"},{"title":"Frederick the Great","blurb":"The story of Frederick\u2019s youth is a known chronicle of suffering.\u201d ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/frederick-the-great\/"},{"title":"Freemasonry","blurb":"Washington joined the Masons in 1752 at the age of 20 and was a lifelong member.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/freemasonry\/"},{"title":"French and Indian War","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/french-and-indian-war\/"},{"title":"Friends","blurb":"George Washington's friendships were selective but often long-lasting, loyal, and integral to his public?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/friends\/"},{"title":"Front Parlor","blurb":"The Front Parlor dates from the earliest floor plans of Mount Vernon and George Washington's renovations?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/front-parlor\/"},{"title":"Funeral Ministers","blurb":"Four ministers spoke at George Washington's funeral, each with their own connection to Washington. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/funeral-ministers\/"},{"title":"Gabriel Johnson (1820-c.1867)","blurb":"Gabriel Johnson was an enslaved man who spent most of his life on the Mount Vernon estate while John Augustine Washington III owned it.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/gabriel-johnson-1820-c-1867\/"},{"title":"Gardeners at Mount Vernon","blurb":"George Washington\u00a0cared deeply about the appearance of his gardens, in both style and type of flora, and closely supervised the planting process at Mount Vernon.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/gardeners-at-mount-vernon\/"},{"title":"Garret Bedchamber","blurb":"The story of the garret chamber began in 1757 when George Washington was serving in the west. Simultaneously?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/garret-bedchamber\/"},{"title":"Genet Affair","blurb":"The \u201cGenet Affair,\u201d also known as the French Neutrality Crisis, was a diplomatic incident that occurred during George Washington\u2019s second term as President of the United States. The debate centered around whether the United States should intervene in the French Republic\u2019s war with Great Britain and what constituted \u201cneutrality\u201d under young American laws.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/genet-affair\/"},{"title":"George","blurb":"George worked as an enslaved ditcher and later a gardener at Mount Vernon.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george\/"},{"title":"George Baylor","blurb":"General George Washington named George Baylor an aide-de-camp in the General Orders for August 15, 1775.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-baylor\/"},{"title":"George Beck","blurb":"George Beck was an English-born landscape painter and poet who produced numerous works in America during?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-beck\/"},{"title":"George Croghan","blurb":"George Croghan was a prominent trader, frontiersman, and Indian agent. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-croghan\/"},{"title":"George Hammond","blurb":"George Hammond was an English diplomat who served as Britain\u2019s first envoy to the United States from 1791 to 1795. Born in East Riding, County York, England, in 1763, Hammond received a liberal education as a fellow of Merton College in Oxford, England. His career in diplomacy began when he was sent to Paris as secretary to British diplomat David Hartley during negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Hammond was later chosen as the first minister plenipotentiary to the United States, where he would face the daunting task of addressing American grievances against Britain while simultaneously advancing his home country\u2019s agenda. Hammond accomplished this task with a measure of difficulty during his four-year station in the United States.\u00a0\u00a0","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-hammond\/"},{"title":"George Mason","blurb":"Neighbor or Washington and the author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Bill of Rights","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-mason\/"},{"title":"George Mercer","blurb":"As a soldier, surveyor, and politician, George Mercer was a prominent Virginian in the mid-eighteenth century. He served under George Washington during the French and Indian War, participating in the Forbes Campaign of 1758. Following the war, he served in the Virginia House of Burgesses and then as an agent of the Ohio Company in London. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-mercer\/"},{"title":"George Washington","blurb":"George Washington was born on February 22, 1732 on his father's plantation on Pope's Creek in Virginia's Westmoreland County...","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washington\/"},{"title":"George Washington and Agriculture","blurb":"George Washington took an early interest in husbandry and agricultural improvement. As early as 1760 he was already in the practice of keeping records of his planting activities.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washington-and-agriculture\/"},{"title":"George Washington and Ballooning","blurb":"During George Washington?s lifetime lighter-than-air travel was first demonstrated.  As a person who embraced new technologies, he was aware of and showed interest in the development of balloons.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washington-and-ballooning\/"},{"title":"George Washington and Entertainment","blurb":"George Washington enjoyed a wide variety of the types of public entertainment available to eighteenth century Americans.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washington-and-entertainment\/"},{"title":"George Washington and Religion","blurb":"Learn more about Washington's views on religion and his religious practices","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washington-and-religion\/"},{"title":"George Washington and Slavery","blurb":"George Washington's views on the subject of slavery shifted over the course of his life.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washington-and-slavery\/"},{"title":"George Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette","blurb":"George Washington met the nineteen-year-old Marquis de Lafayette on August 5, 1777, less than a week?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washington-and-the-marquis-de-lafayette\/"},{"title":"George Washington and the Supreme Court","blurb":"Article III of the Constitution specifically called for a Supreme Court and other inferior courts as Congress saw fit to establish. Once the new federal government began operation in the spring of 1789, the Senate immediately set to work drafting the legislation to create the federal judiciary.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washington-and-the-supreme-court\/"},{"title":"George Washington and Travel","blurb":"George Washington traveled extensively within the boundaries of the United States, though only went abroad once in his lifetime - to the island of Barbados.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washington-and-travel\/"},{"title":"George Washington as Farmer","blurb":"George Washington took an early interest in husbandry and agricultural improvement. As early as 1760 he was already in the practice of keeping records of his planting activities.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washington-as-farmer\/"},{"title":"George Washington in Popular Culture","blurb":"Popular culture's understanding of George Washington is driven as much by myth as fact, given Washington's?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washington-in-popular-culture\/"},{"title":"George Washington Parke Custis ","blurb":"Best known in his lifetime as the adopted son of George Washington, George Washington Parke Custis eventually became a key figure in preserving the memory and possessions of Washington.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washington-parke-custis\/"},{"title":"George Washington's Farewell Address","blurb":"In 1796, as his second term in office drew to a close, President George Washington chose not to seek re-election. Mindful of the precedent his conduct set for future presidents, Washington feared that if he were to die while in office, Americans would view the presidency as a lifetime appointment. Instead, he decided to step down from power, providing the standard of a two-term limit that would eventually be enshrined in the Twenty-Second Amendment to the Constitution.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washington-s-farewell-address\/"},{"title":"George Washington's Kentucky Lands","blurb":"Though George Washington\u2019s first land purchase was in 1752, in Frederick County, Virginia, his holdings soon encompassed lands in West Virginia and extended westward into Pennsylvania, New York and the Ohio Valley.\u00a0 Kentucky land would be among Washington\u2019s last acquisitions. \u00a0He said of his purchasing philosophy, \u201cIt is true I am not fond of buying a Pig in a Poke.\u201d","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washingtons-kentucky-lands\/"},{"title":"George Washington's Library","blurb":"During his lifetime, George Washington amassed a library consisting of over 900 books, plus dozens of pamphlets and other publications, for a total of more than 1,200 titles.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washingtons-library\/"},{"title":"George Washington's Marquee Tent","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washingtons-marquee-tent\/"},{"title":"George Washington's Mastodon Tooth","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washingtons-mastodon-tooth\/"},{"title":"George Washington's Papers","blurb":"George Washington both produced and received a large number of letters, documents, accounts, and notes?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washingtons-papers\/"},{"title":"George Washington's Study","blurb":"George Washington initiated construction of a south addition to Mount Vernon in the spring of 1774. Intended?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washingtons-study\/"},{"title":"George Washington's Will","blurb":"Washington's will legally assigned his property to his heirs and freed his enslaved workers.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-washington-s-will\/"},{"title":"George Weedon","blurb":"George Weedon kept an inn at Fredericksburg, Virginia, that was frequented by George Washington in the?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/george-weedon\/"},{"title":"Georges Washington de Lafayette","blurb":"On December 24, 1779, during a brief year living in France during the American Revolution, the Marquis?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/georges-washington-de-lafayette\/"},{"title":"Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828)","blurb":"Gilbert Stuart was one of the foremost painters of the Atlantic world and early United States.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/gilbert-stuart-1755-1828\/"},{"title":"Giles","blurb":"Giles\u2019s position as a postilion meant that he accompanied George Washington on several high-profile trips,\u00a0seeing far more of the country than most enslaved people.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/giles\/"},{"title":"Gladys Quander Tancil (1921-2002)","blurb":"Gladys Quander Tancil is a prominent figure in the history of Mount Vernon\u2019s public history and educational programming. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/gladys-quander-tancil-1921-2002\/"},{"title":"Going Lanphier","blurb":"Going Lanphier was a hired carpenter and joiner from Fairfax County, Virginia, who worked occasionally for George Washington.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/going-lanphier\/"},{"title":"Gouverneur Morris","blurb":"Known as \u201cthe Penman of the Constitution,\u201d the eccentric and outspoken Gouverneur Morris contributed in multiple ways to building the core foundation of American government. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/gouverneur-morris\/"},{"title":"Grand Strategy","blurb":"For George Washington, the greatest failure of his military career was the loss of New York to the British?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/grand-strategy\/"},{"title":"Grapes","blurb":"George Washington longed for the day when good wines would be produced in America. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/grapes\/"},{"title":"Great Cake","blurb":"Martha Washington's Great Cake was a large celebratory cake consisting of fruit and spices.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/great-cake\/"},{"title":"Greenhouse Slave Quarters","blurb":"The original brick greenhouse was completed in 1787. In 1791 and 1792, one-story wings were added to each end of the building to house the enslaved workers who lived at the Mansion House Farm.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/greenhouse-slave-quarters\/"},{"title":"Growth of Mount Vernon","blurb":"George Washington added more than 5,000 acres to his estate, starting with his first purchase in 1757. By his death, Mount Vernon was about 7,600 acres or almost exactly twelve square miles.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/growth-of-mount-vernon\/"},{"title":"H.M.S. Savage","blurb":"In the spring of 1781, seventeen enslaved people at Mount Vernon took advantage of the arrival of the British warship.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/h-m-s-savage\/"},{"title":"Henry James's Pandora","blurb":""You Germans are always in such awe of great people," says Pandora to her companion, Count Vogelstein?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/henry-jamess-pandora\/"},{"title":"Henry Knox","blurb":"Henry Knox was a Revolutionary War general whose efforts to build a robust American militia were paramount to the colonies? victory against Britain, as well as the development of the early Republic?s armed forces.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/henry-knox\/"},{"title":"Henry Lee","blurb":"Born near Dumfries, Virginia, Henry Lee, was the son of Lucy Grymes Lee, who was courted by George?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/henry-lee\/"},{"title":"Hercules","blurb":"Hercules, a member of the Mount Vernon enslaved community, became widely admired for his culinary skills.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/hercules\/"},{"title":"Hessians","blurb":"The term "Hessians" refers to the approximately 30,000 German troops hired by the British to help fight during the American Revolution. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/hessians\/"},{"title":"Hippopotomus","blurb":"The Hippopotomus was a piece of agricultural equipment used to raise mud from a river bed.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/hippopotomus\/"},{"title":"Hoecakes and Honey","blurb":"One of General Washington's favorite meals was also one of the simplest: hoecakes and honey.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/hoecakes-and-honey\/"},{"title":"Hogs","blurb":"In 1785, George Washington concluded that he had 15,885 pounds of meat after his enslaved workers slaughtered his hogs.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/hogs\/"},{"title":"Honorary French Citizenship","blurb":"On August 26, 1792, during the early stages of the French Revolution, the National Assembly of France granted honorary French Citizenship to "men who, through their Writings and their Courage, have Served the Cause of liberty and prepared the freedom of the people."","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/honorary-french-citizenship\/"},{"title":"Horatio Gates","blurb":"Born on July 26, 1727, in Maldon, England, Horatio Gates came to America at the age of twenty-two as?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/horatio-gates\/"},{"title":"Horatio Greenough","blurb":"Horatio Greenough was one of the first American sculptors to receive international recognition for his?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/horatio-greenough\/"},{"title":"Horsemanship","blurb":"Throughout George Washington's life, whether engaged in battle or observing his farms, he was frequently in the company of a horse.  The excellence and confidence with which Washington rode was derived from a combination of practice and natural ability.  Unlike many wealthy horse owners, Washington often checked the conditions of his horses personally and closely supervised the slaves who maintained the horses? stables.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/horsemanship\/"},{"title":"Hospitality at Mount Vernon","blurb":"George and Martha Washington viewed hospitality to guests as a vitally important aspect of life at Mount Vernon.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/hospitality-at-mount-vernon\/"},{"title":"House for Families","blurb":"Most of the enslaved community that worked at Mansion House Farm lived in the House for Families between circa 1760 until circa 1793.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/house-for-families\/"},{"title":"House of Burgesses","blurb":"George Washington served in the Virginia House of Burgesses for fifteen years before the American Revolution?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/house-of-burgesses\/"},{"title":"Howell Lewis","blurb":"Howell Lewis was George Washington\u2019s nephew and second cousin to Meriwether Lewis of the famed Lewis and Clark expedition. In the early 1790s, Lewis briefly served as President Washington\u2019s personal secretary and manager of Mount Vernon. After resigning from his post at Mount Vernon for monetary reasons, Lewis managed his own land holdings in Virginia until he passed away in 1822.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/howell-lewis\/"},{"title":"Hudson River Campaign - 1779","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/hudson-river-campaign--1779\/"},{"title":"Hugh Henry Brackenridge","blurb":"Hugh Henry Brackenridge was a Scottish-born Pennsylvanian preacher, politician, writer, and jurist, who \u2013 though not strictly a Founding Father himself \u2013 was intimately familiar with several founders, James Madison in particular. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/hugh-henry-brackenridge\/"},{"title":"Hugh Mercer","blurb":"In the summer of 1776, when British military operations shifted from New England to the Mid-Atlantic, George Washington dispatched Brigadier General Hugh Mercer to confer with the Governor of New Jersey.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/hugh-mercer\/"},{"title":"Ice Cream","blurb":"The first reference to ice cream at Mount Vernon dates to May of 1784, when a "Cream Machine for Ice"?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/ice-cream\/"},{"title":"Interior Architectural Details","blurb":"1. Central Passage Cornice2. Central Passage Doorway Broken Pediments3. Central Passage East Doorway4?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/interior-architectural-details\/"},{"title":"Islam at Mount Vernon","blurb":"Elements of Islam and other traditional African religions are found in the documentary and archaeological records of Mount Vernon\u2019s enslaved population.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/islam-at-mount-vernon\/"},{"title":"Israel Putnam","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/israel-putnam\/"},{"title":"Jacob Van Braam","blurb":"Jacob Van Braam was a soldier in the Dutch and British armies and a translator on George Washington?s expeditions into the Ohio Country between 1752 and 1754.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/jacob-van-braam\/"},{"title":"James Anderson","blurb":"James Anderson helped establish and run George Washington's distilling operation at Mount Vernon","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/james-anderson\/"},{"title":"James Bloxham","blurb":"James Bloxham was an English master farmer hired by George Washington.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/james-bloxham\/"},{"title":"James Butler","blurb":"James Butler was an Irish immigrant hired in December of 1792 as an overseer for Mansion House Farm.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/james-butler\/"},{"title":"James Craik","blurb":"Dr. James Craik was born in the parish of Kirkbean, County Kirkcudbright, near Dumfries in Scotland in?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/james-craik\/"},{"title":"James Donaldson","blurb":"James Donaldson was a Scottish craftsman who supervised enslaved carpenters at Mount Vernon between September 1794 and November 1795.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/james-donaldson\/"},{"title":"James Madison","blurb":"The fourth president of the United States, James Madison, Jr., was born on March 16, 1751, in King George?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/james-madison\/"},{"title":"Jay Treaty","blurb":"The 1794 Jay Treaty restored relations with Great Britain and caused great political rifts within the American public.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/jay-treaty\/"},{"title":"Jean-Antoine Houdon","blurb":"Jean-Antoine Houdon was a French sculptor known for his fresh and lively portrayals of such eighteenth-century?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/jean-antoine-houdon\/"},{"title":"Johann Christian Ehlers","blurb":"Johann Christian Ehlers (or Ehler) was a German gardener that worked for George Washington from 1789 until 1797.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/johann-christian-ehlers\/"},{"title":"John Adams","blurb":"Born in 1735 to a Braintree, Massachusetts farmer and cobbler, John Adams was one of the most influential?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-adams\/"},{"title":"John Allison","blurb":"John Allison [or Allistone] was hired by William Pearce to be one of the overseers at Mount Vernon.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-allison\/"},{"title":"John Andr\u00e9","blurb":"During the American Revolution, British Major John Andr\u00e9 joined with American General Benedict Arnold?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-andre\/"},{"title":"John Askew","blurb":"John Askew was an indentured joiner that worked for George Washington from 1759 until 1767.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-askew\/"},{"title":"John Augustine Washington III","blurb":"John Augustine Washington III was the great-grand nephew of George Washington and the last private owner of Mount Vernon. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-augustine-washington-iii\/"},{"title":"John Ball","blurb":"A millwright from Frederick County, Virginia, Ball was hired to work on George Washington's mill in December?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-ball\/"},{"title":"John Broad","blurb":"John Broad was an indentured joiner that worked for George Washington from 1774 until 1776.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-broad\/"},{"title":"John Burgoyne","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-burgoyne\/"},{"title":"John Cadwalader","blurb":"Colonel John Cadwalader led the Third Battalion of the Philadelphia militia during the American War for Independence. His command reinforced the Continental Army led by General George Washington during the winter of 1776-1777, and Cadwalader played a crucial role at the Battle of Princeton in January 1777. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-cadwalader\/"},{"title":"John Fairfax","blurb":"John Fairfax was a hired overseer working at the Mansion House Farm from 1784 until 1790.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-fairfax\/"},{"title":"John Fitzgerald","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-fitzgerald\/"},{"title":"John Gottleib Richter","blurb":"John Gottleib Richter was an indentured gardener who worked at Mount Vernon from 1793 until 1796.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-gottleib-richter\/"},{"title":"John Hancock","blurb":"As the son and grandson of ministers,  John Hancock was destined for the ministry. His life took an abrupt?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-hancock\/"},{"title":"John Jay","blurb":"An important Federalist figure during the early days of the American republic, John Jay was also a close?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-jay\/"},{"title":"John Knowles","blurb":"An indentured bricklayer and laborer, John Knowles worked at Mount Vernon from 1773 until 1784.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-knowles\/"},{"title":"John Laurens","blurb":"John (Jack) Laurens served as an aide-de-camp to George Washington during the American Revolution, becoming a devoted member of Washington's "military family".","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-laurens\/"},{"title":"John Marshall","blurb":"A towering figure in American legal history, John Marshall served as chief justice of the United States?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-marshall\/"},{"title":"John Neale","blurb":"John Neale was a hired carpenter who worked at Mount Vernon from 1795 until 1798.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-neale\/"},{"title":"John Parke Custis","blurb":"John Parke Custis (known as Jacky when younger, and Jack as he got older) was around four years old when?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-parke-custis\/"},{"title":"John Patterson","blurb":"John Patterson was a hired carpenter and joiner from Fairfax County, Virginia, who worked at Mount Vernon.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-patterson\/"},{"title":"John Ramage","blurb":"Although John Ramage is well-known among art historians and collectors of portrait miniatures, his name?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-ramage\/"},{"title":"John Saunders","blurb":"John Saunders from Alexandria, Virginia worked as an undertaker, carpenter, architect, and joiner.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-saunders\/"},{"title":"John Violet","blurb":"John Violet was a hired overseer who worked at Union Farm from 1796 to 1797.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/john-violet\/"},{"title":"Jonathan Alton","blurb":"Jonathan Alton was an overseer who worked for George Washington between 1755 and 1785.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/jonathan-alton\/"},{"title":"Jonathan Boucher","blurb":"Anglican minister Jonathan Boucher, one of the most prominent Loyalists in the South, was born in Cumberland?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/jonathan-boucher\/"},{"title":"Joseph Brant","blurb":"Joseph Brant or Thayendanegea (1743-1807) was a Mohawk warrior, tribal leader, and diplomat most notable for his alliance with the British during the American Revolution. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/joseph-brant\/"},{"title":"Joseph Cash","blurb":"An overseer at Dogue Run Farm, Joseph Cash worked at Mount Vernon from 1796 until 1797.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/joseph-cash\/"},{"title":"Joseph Reed ","blurb":"Joseph Reed was one of George Washington\u2019s aides-de-camp early in the American Revolutionary War and eventually held the ranks of colonel and adjutant-general. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/joseph-reed\/"},{"title":"Jumonville Glen Skirmish","blurb":"On May 28, 1754 Virginia Regiment Lieutenant Colonel George Washington and Mingo chief Tanacharison led a party of roughly forty men in a raid against twenty-nine French soldiers in present-day western Pennsylvania killing ten and capturing twenty-one.  The attack represented to opening salvoes of the French and Indian War.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/jumonville-glen-skirmish\/"},{"title":"Kate","blurb":" Kate, an enslaved woman at Mount Vernon, held a distinct position within her community as a midwife, providing care for women and children. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/kate\/"},{"title":"King's College","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/kings-college\/"},{"title":"Kitchen","blurb":"The placement of the kitchen at Mount Vernon was dictated by a series of functional, social, and environmental factors.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/kitchen\/"},{"title":"Kitty","blurb":"Kitty was assigned to work as a dairy maid and a spinner. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/kitty\/"},{"title":"Landscape and Gardens","blurb":"George Washington had the grounds around his home landscaped between the end of the American Revolution in 1783 and his election as first President of the United States in 1789.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/landscape-and-gardens\/"},{"title":"Lawrence Lewis","blurb":"Lawrence Lewis was George Washington's nephew, the son of Washington's sister Betty. Lewis assisted his?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/lawrence-lewis\/"},{"title":"Lawrence Washington","blurb":"Lawrence Washington\u00a0was the elder half-brother of George Washington, being the oldest living child of Augustine Washington and his first wife Jane Butler.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/lawrence-washington\/"},{"title":"Letter to the Camp Committee","blurb":"George Washington passed through many trials during the long winter at Valley Forge.  He watched his?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/letter-to-the-camp-committee\/"},{"title":"Levees (Receptions)","blurb":"During George Washington's presidency, receptions and other social gatherings that he and his wife, Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, hosted were usually called "levees." In part because this word previously referred to receptions at a king's court, the Washingtons' gatherings were controversial. A notable first attempt to establish ceremonies and etiquette for the American republic, Washington's levees undermined his reputation in the eyes of many citizens in the politically volatile 1790s.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/levees-receptions\/"},{"title":"Lewis Nicola","blurb":"An Irish-born author, merchant, and military officer who served in a variety of military and civilian?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/lewis-nicola\/"},{"title":"Life Guards","blurb":"On March 11, 1776, from his headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts, overseeing the siege of Boston?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/life-guards\/"},{"title":"Life in New York City","blurb":"When George Washington arrived in New York City in April of 1789, his task was clear: he needed to invent the American presidency. The means of achieving this, however, were undefined. Washington's challenge and dilemma were in setting precedents in almost every political and social aspect of the new office.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/life-in-new-york-city\/"},{"title":"Lord Fairfax","blurb":"Thomas, Baron Cameron, sixth Lord Fairfax, was George Washington's mentor, neighbor, employer, and friend.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/lord-fairfax\/"},{"title":"Loyalists","blurb":"The Revolutionary War was also in many ways a civil war. Approximately one-fifth of Americans supported?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/loyalists\/"},{"title":"Madeira","blurb":"Madeira, a fortified wine produced on the Portuguese island of Madeira, was one of George Washington's favorite drinks.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/madeira\/"},{"title":"Mansion","blurb":"The Mansion at George Washington's Mount Vernon is one of the most iconic 18th-century homes in America. The building began as a one and one-half story house built in 1734 by George Washington's father, Augustine Washington, and received its well-known name from his half-brother Lawrence Washington. George Washington began running Mount Vernon in 1754, and over the next 45 years slowly enlarged the dwelling to create the 21-room residence we see today.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mansion\/"},{"title":"Marquis de Lafayette","blurb":"Visitors to Mount Vernon might be surprised to see the key to the Bastille, the notorious French prison?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/marquis-de-lafayette\/"},{"title":"Marquis de Lafayette's Plan for Slavery","blurb":"In the closing days of the American Revolution, the Marquis de Lafayette wrote George Washington about a plan to free enslaved people.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/marquis-de-lafayette-s-plan-for-slavery\/"},{"title":"Martha Parke Custis","blurb":"Martha Parke Custis was Martha Washington and Daniel Parke Custis's youngest child. Known to the family?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/martha-parke-custis\/"},{"title":"Martha Parke Custis Peter","blurb":"Martha "Patty" Parke Custis was born on December 31, 1777, in one of the second-floor bedchambers at Mount Vernon. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/martha-parke-custis-peter\/"},{"title":"Martha Washington","blurb":"Martha Washington was the first first lady of the United States and spent about half of the Revolutionary War at the front with General Washington. She helped manage and run her husbands' plantations and raised her children, grandchildren, nieces, and nephews.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/martha-washington\/"},{"title":"Martha Washington and the American Revolution","blurb":"Martha Washington joined George Washington at his winter encampment and\u00a0stayed with him for months at a time every year during the Revolutionary War.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/martha-washington-and-the-american-revolution\/"},{"title":"Martha Washington During the Presidency","blurb":"Just as her husband realized that his every action might set a precedent for future presidents, so was Martha aware that her behavior as first lady would become the template for the wives of future chief executives.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/martha-washington-during-the-presidency\/"},{"title":"Mary Ball Washington","blurb":"Mary Ball Washington (b. approximately 1707 \u2013 d. 1789) is primarily known as the mother of George Washington. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mary-ball-washington\/"},{"title":"Matthew Baldridge","blurb":"Matthew Baldridge was an indentured joiner originally from England who worked for George Washington from 1785 until 1788.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/matthew-baldridge\/"},{"title":"Meschianza","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/meschianza\/"},{"title":"Michael Tracy","blurb":"An indentured bricklayer from Ireland, Michael Tracy began working at Mount Vernon in 1768.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/michael-tracy\/"},{"title":"Military Badges","blurb":"On August 7, 1782, George Washington created three new military badges - one that would later become the Purple Heart.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/military-badges\/"},{"title":"Military Discipline","blurb":"The phrase military discipline in the eighteenth century referred to all aspects of training in the army?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/military-discipline\/"},{"title":"Military Education","blurb":"Compared to the formalized education military officers received in Europe, American officers learned their profession in several unconventional ways: service with a foreign military, militia training, self-education, or a combination of all three. Eventually, a more uniform system for educating officers emerged after Congress created the Continental Army, and General George Washington assumed command.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/military-education\/"},{"title":"Mississippi Land Company","blurb":"The Mississippi Land Company was George Washington's most ambitious speculation in western land prior to the Revolutionary War.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mississippi-land-company\/"},{"title":"Morocco","blurb":"Learn more about President George Washington's interactions with the Kingdom of Morocco.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/morocco\/"},{"title":"Morristown, NJ","blurb":"Morristown, New Jersey was the location where General George Washington established two winter encampments during the Revolutionary War.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/morristown-nj\/"},{"title":"Moses Seixas","blurb":"Born on March 28, 1744, Moses Seixas was a first generation Jewish-American whose parents migrated from?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/moses-seixas\/"},{"title":"Mount Vernon and American Domestic Architecture","blurb":"Mount Vernon\u2019s distinctive cupola; white, green, and red color scheme; and especially its long, square-columned piazza appear on houses in neighborhoods across the country. By duplicating or adapting these highly recognizable architectural elements, contemporary homeowners and real estate developers visually tie their homes to George Washington, American history, and more general values of patriotism and tradition.\u00a0\u00a0","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mount-vernon-and-american-domestic-architecture\/"},{"title":"Mount Vernon as Architectural Inspiration","blurb":"By the end of World War II, Colonial American architectural features decorated hotels, restaurants, gas stations, shopping centers and other new businesses that hosted travelers along the country\u2019s expanding road system.1 The popularity of Colonial Williamsburg (opened in the 1930s) and the use of historic architectural settings at Disneyland (opened in 1955) encouraged the use of the nation\u2019s historic architecture in commercial settings just as Americans took to the highways in record numbers.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mount-vernon-as-architectural-inspiration\/"},{"title":"Mount Vernon Conference","blurb":"In December of 1783, General George Washington resigned his commission as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mount-vernon-conference\/"},{"title":"Mount Vernon During World War II","blurb":"Although Mount Vernon was near Washington, D.C., which was considered a prime target for attack during?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mount-vernon-during-world-war-ii\/"},{"title":"Mount Vernon Fisheries","blurb":"Fish from the Potomac River became one of the many ways George Washington turned the natural resources of his estate into profit. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mount-vernon-fisheries\/"},{"title":"Mount Vernon Guidebooks: 1876-1936","blurb":"In the first sixty years of the Mount Vernon guidebooks, the Mount Vernon Ladies? Association (MVLA) advertised the plantation as an idyllic shrine to George Washington.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mount-vernon-guidebooks-1876-1936\/"},{"title":"Mount Vernon Guidebooks: 1937-1976","blurb":"The Regents, Vice Regents and managerial staff of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association (MVLA) authorized significant physical and ideological alterations to the guidebooks during the mid-twentieth century. The most significant of these included an increased use of color photography, an emphasis on historical accuracy, and a minor expansion to the interpretation of slavery.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mount-vernon-guidebooks-1937-1976\/"},{"title":"Mount Vernon Ladies' Association: Early Fundraising","blurb":"1. Introduction2. The Mount Vernon Record3. Early Methods","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mount-vernon-ladies-association-early-fundraising\/"},{"title":"Mount Vernon Vistas","blurb":"George Washington's vision for the layout of his Mount Vernon estate adopted fashionable ideas in landscape?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mount-vernon-vistas\/"},{"title":"Mourning George Washington","blurb":"Mourning in response to George Washington's death on December 14, 1799 reflected contemporary public?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mourning-george-washington\/"},{"title":"Mourning Washington by Laborers at Mount Vernon","blurb":"Suits of mourning clothes with appropriate buttons were purchased almost immediately for Lawrence Lewis?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mourning-washington-by-laborers-at-mount-vernon\/"},{"title":"Muddy Hole Farm","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/muddy-hole-farm\/"},{"title":"Music","blurb":"Although George Washington may not have been musically-inclined himself, many in his household, including Martha Washington, studied music.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/music\/"},{"title":"MVLA Early Refurnishing Efforts: The Yellow Room","blurb":"Located on the southeast corner of the second floor, the Yellow Room overlooks the Potomac River. It connects the central portion of the mansion to the south wing through a door installed by John Augustine Washington III in the 1840s.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/mvla-early-refurnishing-efforts-the-yellow-room\/"},{"title":"Nancy Carter Quander","blurb":"Nancy was eleven years old in 1799, when George Washington made a list of all the enslaved people on his plantation. Two years later she was freed. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/nancy-carter-quander\/"},{"title":"Nathanael Greene","blurb":"Nathanael Greene was a Major General in the Continental Army, an ardent admirer of George Washington.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/nathanael-greene\/"},{"title":"National Gazette","blurb":"Writing in the first issue of the National Gazette published on October 31, 1791, editor Philip Freneau?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/national-gazette\/"},{"title":"Native American Policy","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/native-american-policy\/"},{"title":"Nelson (Horse)","blurb":"Thomas Jefferson once referred to George Washington as ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/nelson-horse\/"},{"title":"Neutrality Proclamation","blurb":"On April 22, 1793, President George Washington issued a Neutrality Proclamation to define the policy of the United States in response to the spreading war in Europe.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/neutrality-proclamation\/"},{"title":"New England Tour","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/new-england-tour\/"},{"title":"New Room","blurb":"Washington's New Room is the largest and most ornate of the rooms found within the Mount Vernon mansion.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/new-room\/"},{"title":"New Windsor Cantonment","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/new-windsor-cantonment\/"},{"title":"New York","blurb":"New York City played an important role in the public life of George Washington, spanning the final five decades of the eighteenth century. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/new-york\/"},{"title":"New York Campaign","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/new-york-campaign\/"},{"title":"New York Committee and Council of Safety","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/new-york-committee-and-council-of-safety\/"},{"title":"New York Provincial Congress","blurb":"On June 26, 1775, George Washington met with leaders from the New York Provincial Congress while passing?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/new-york-provincial-congress\/"},{"title":"Newburgh Address","blurb":"On March 10, 1783, General George Washington learned that his officers planned to meet on the following?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/newburgh-address\/"},{"title":"Newburgh Conspiracy","blurb":"The Newburgh Conspiracy was a plan by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/newburgh-conspiracy\/"},{"title":"Northwest Ordinance ","blurb":"After gaining independence from Great Britain, one of the many contentious issues facing the United States were competing claims to western lands. These lands were generally referred to as the Northwest Territory and included the current states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/northwest-ordinance\/"},{"title":"Ohio River Valley","blurb":"More than a decade after he left the army to become a gentleman farmer, George Washington traveled back?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/ohio-river-valley\/"},{"title":"Oneida","blurb":"The Oneida are one of the Six Nations Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), and the only one that openly declared its support for the American Revolution. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/oneida\/"},{"title":"Overview of the Gristmill","blurb":"George Washington began his merchant milling business in 1770 with the construction of a new gristmill?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/overview-of-the-gristmill\/"},{"title":"Pacificus\/Helvidius Letters ","blurb":"The Pacificus\/Helvidius Letters were a series of newspaper articles published in the Gazette of the United States in response to President George Washington\u2019s \u201cNeutrality Proclamation.\u201d The letters reflected opposite positions on the role of the executive and legislature in American foreign policy. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/pacificus-helvidius-letters\/"},{"title":"Palladian Window","blurb":"The Palladian (also called Venetian) window on the north elevation of Mount Vernon is one of the house's most distinctive features. The window illuminates the large dining room (known as the new room) planned by George Washington as part of his second wave of renovations to the house. Begun in 1774, craftsmen did not complete the room until 1787.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/palladian-window\/"},{"title":"Pallbearers","blurb":"The following individuals served as the pallbearers at George Washington's funeral:","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/pallbearers\/"},{"title":"Parenting","blurb":"George Washington had no biological children of his own, and it took many years for Washington to come to grips with the fact that he was not going to father his own children. Despite this difficulty, the Washingtons' home at Mount Vernon was filled with children for nearly all forty years of their marriage. For most of these children, George Washington stood in the role of father or grandfather.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/parenting\/"},{"title":"Parson Weems","blurb":"Written a year after Washington's death, Weems' biography served as the point of origin for many long-held myths about Washington, in particular the famous cherry tree story.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/parson-weems\/"},{"title":"Patrick Henry","blurb":"Founding framer and gifted political orator, Patrick Henry was one of the bright lights of the United?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/patrick-henry\/"},{"title":"Personality","blurb":"Reflecting on the life of George Washington, the Columbian Reader (a textbook utilized in school rooms?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/personality\/"},{"title":"Philip Bateman","blurb":"Philip Bateman was a paid gardener who worked at Mount Vernon from the spring of 1773 until 1789.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/philip-bateman\/"},{"title":"Pierre L'Enfant","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/pierre-lenfant\/"},{"title":"Pilgrimages to Washington's Tomb","blurb":"Kings, Presidents, and a host of dignities have visited Washington's tomb over the years.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/pilgrimages-to-washingtons-tomb\/"},{"title":"Pineapples","blurb":"As a young man, making what would be his first and only trip outside of North America, George Washington?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/pineapples\/"},{"title":"Plantation Structure","blurb":""A large Virginia estate," wrote Washington Irving in his biography of George Washington, "was a little?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/plantation-structure\/"},{"title":"Pohick Church","blurb":"Close by Mount Vernon, George Washington remained a loyal vestryman of Pohick Church.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/pohick-church\/"},{"title":"Pontiac's Rebellion ","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/pontiacs-rebellion\/"},{"title":"Popes Creek","blurb":"George Washington was born in February 1732 at Popes Creek.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/popes-creek\/"},{"title":"Prescott (Horse)","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/prescott-horse\/"},{"title":"Presidential Diplomacy","blurb":"Learn more about the various diplomatic and foreign policy challenges facing the Washington administration.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/presidential-diplomacy\/"},{"title":"Presidential Election of 1789","blurb":"In 1789, the first presidential election, George Washington was unanimously elected president of the United States.  With 69 electoral votes, Washington won the support of each participating elector.  No other president since has come into office with a universal mandate to lead.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/presidential-election-of-1789\/"},{"title":"Presidential Election of 1792","blurb":"In 1792, the second presidential election, George Washington was unanimously re-elected president of the United States.  Carrying large and small states, northern and southern states, Washington received 132 electoral votes, one vote from each participant in the Electoral College. Fifteen states cast electoral votes in 1792: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, and Virginia.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/presidential-election-of-1792\/"},{"title":"Presidential Entertaining","blurb":"George and Martha Washington paid close attention to entertaining during the presidency.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/presidential-entertaining\/"},{"title":"Presidential Precedents","blurb":"On the afternoon of April 30, 1789, George Washington stepped out onto the balcony of Federal Hall in?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/presidential-precedents\/"},{"title":"Presidential Residency in New York","blurb":"In preparation for Washington's arrival in New York, Congress quickly moved to select a dwelling suitable for the first President and to furnish it appropriately. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/presidential-residency-in-new-york\/"},{"title":"Press Attacks","blurb":"IntroductionAt the time of his inauguration, George Washington was described in almost universally glorified?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/press-attacks\/"},{"title":"Priscilla","blurb":"In early July 1798 at Dogue Run Farm, thirty-five-year-old Priscilla gave birth to Christopher, her sixth living child. Both were enslaved by George Washington. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/priscilla\/"},{"title":"Prisoners of War ","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/prisoners-of-war\/"},{"title":"Private Lives of Slaves","blurb":"The enslaved community at Mount Vernon found many ways to fill the time they were not required to work for the Washingtons.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/private-lives-of-slaves\/"},{"title":"Proclamation Line of 1763","blurb":"Proclamation Line of 1763","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/proclamation-line-of-1763\/"},{"title":"Quasi War","blurb":"The Quasi-War, which at the time was also known as The Undeclared War with France, the Pirate Wars, and?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/quasi-war\/"},{"title":"Quebec Campaign","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/quebec-campaign\/"},{"title":"Ratification of the Constitution","blurb":"As the president of the Constitutional Convention, George Washington rarely participated in the debates?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/ratification-of-the-constitution\/"},{"title":"Recipe for Small Beer","blurb":"George Washington\u2019s recipe for \u201cSmall Beer\u201d appears in a 1757 notebook of his, which can be found today in its original form at the New York Public Library.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/recipe-for-small-beer\/"},{"title":"Rembrandt Peale","blurb":"The son of portraitist Charles Willson Peale, Rembrandt Peale's natural talents had been developed by?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/rembrandt-peale\/"},{"title":"Resignation of Military Commission","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/resignation-of-military-commission\/"},{"title":"Rhode Island","blurb":"The following represents accounts of George Washington's visits and connections to Rhode Island, spanning from his military service during the French and Indian War through the presidency.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/rhode-island\/"},{"title":"Richard Boulton","blurb":"A house joiner and undertaker from St. Mary's County, Maryland, Richard Boulton worked at Mount Vernon in 1785.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/richard-boulton\/"},{"title":"Richard Burnet","blurb":"Richard Burnet was hired by Martha Washington in the spring of 1783 to assist her as a housekeeper and steward.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/richard-burnet\/"},{"title":"Richard Kidder Meade","blurb":"Richard Kidder Meade was born July 14, 1746 into the respectable family of David and Susannah Meade of Nansemond County, Virginia.\u00a0 As a youth, Richard Kidder Meade received a classical education in London, England, first at James Graham\u2019s school and then at Fuller\u2019s Academy.\u00a0 In 1767, he married and embarked upon the life of a farmer in Prince George County, Virginia.\u00a0 However, this was not to be.\u00a0 By the end of 1771, all three of his children had tragically passed away and his wife died in January of 1774.\u00a0","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/richard-kidder-meade\/"},{"title":"Richard Tharpe","blurb":"An Irish-born stucco artisan employed by John Rawlins of Baltimore, Richard Tharpe was the "principal workman" on the ornamental plasterwork in Mount Vernon's New Room.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/richard-tharpe\/"},{"title":"Richard Varick","blurb":"Fifty-four years after the occurrence, Richard Varick recalled his first glimpse of General George Washington in 1775, while \u201cstanding as a Sentinel at the Door of his Quarters at the City Tavern when on his way to Cambridge\u201d.  By the end of the War for American Independence, the two men would benefit from the other; Varick, by Washington\u2019s validation of his crucial reputation as a gentleman, and Washington, by Varick\u2019s stewardship of his documentary legacy.   ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/richard-varick\/"},{"title":"Robert Cary and Company","blurb":"Like many eighteenth century Virginia tobacco planters, George Washington relied on a merchant house?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/robert-cary-and-company\/"},{"title":"Robert Hanson Harrison","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/robert-hanson-harrison\/"},{"title":"Robert Lewis","blurb":"The tenth son of Betty and Fielding Lewis, Robert Lewis was also George Washington's nephew and served?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/robert-lewis\/"},{"title":"Robert Morris","blurb":"Robert Morris was a financier of the American Revolution, delegate to the Second Continental Congress, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and senator from Pennsylvania. Given Morris\u2019s personal wealth and financial acumen, Congress appointed him superintendent of finance in 1781, which gave him sole authority over financing and supporting the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/robert-morris\/"},{"title":"Rochambeau","blurb":"By the autumn of 1794, most of the prisoners in the Conciergerie, a Parisian jail that housed enemies?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/rochambeau\/"},{"title":"Rocky Hill Experiment","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/rocky-hill-experiment\/"},{"title":"Royal Gift (Donkey)","blurb":"Royal Gift was the name George Washington chose for the Spanish jack that King Charles III of Spain gave to him in November 1784. The prized animal arrived at Mount Vernon one year later.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/royal-gift-donkey\/"},{"title":"Rum","blurb":"During the colonial era, rum was the preferred alcoholic drink of American colonists.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/rum\/"},{"title":"Rustication","blurb":"Rustication is a manner of treating the exterior of a wooden building to make it appear as if it is made of stone.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/rustication\/"},{"title":"Sally Fairfax","blurb":"Sally Fairfax was a woman deeply loved by George Washington.  A dark-eyed beauty known for her intelligence?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/sally-fairfax\/"},{"title":"Sambo Anderson","blurb":"The man known as Sambo Anderson worked as an enslaved carpenter at Mount Vernon.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/sambo-anderson\/"},{"title":"Samuel Blachley Webb","blurb":"Samuel Blachley Webb was named an aide-de-camp in General Orders for June 21, 1776.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/samuel-blachley-webb\/"},{"title":"Samuel Fraunces","blurb":"Business owner, dedicated patriot, well-known chef, presidential steward; during the late eighteenth?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/samuel-fraunces\/"},{"title":"Samuel Powel","blurb":"Samuel Powel was an elite Philadelphia politician who was close friends with George and Martha Washington.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/samuel-powel\/"},{"title":"Servants and Marriage","blurb":"Several hundred hired and indentured servants, primarily men but a few women as well, worked for George Washington. The marriages of servants (as opposed to enslaved people) were legally recognized and protected by law, whether they were performed in America or in Europe prior to emigrating. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/servants-and-marriage\/"},{"title":"Servants' Hall","blurb":"The prominent placement of the servants' hall as a flanker to the mansion, its mimicking of the mansion?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/servants-hall\/"},{"title":"Seven Years' War","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/seven-years-war\/"},{"title":"Shays' Rebellion","blurb":"A violent insurrection in the Massachusetts countryside during 1786 and 1787, Shays' Rebellion was brought?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/shays-rebellion\/"},{"title":"Sheep","blurb":"The sheep population at Mount Vernon soared after the conclusion of the Revolutionary War. In the fall?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/sheep\/"},{"title":"Siege of Boston","blurb":"In June 1775, George Washington found his thoughts turning to Mount Vernon.  He had promised his wife?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/siege-of-boston\/"},{"title":"Siege of Charleston - 1776","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/siege-of-charleston--1776\/"},{"title":"Siege of Charleston - 1780 ","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/siege-of-charleston--1780\/"},{"title":"Siege of Savannah","blurb":"The Siege of Savannah (September 23 to October 18, 1779) refers to the failed attempt by American and French forces to retake the port city from its British occupiers. It was one of the costliest battles of the Revolutionary War in terms of casualties.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/siege-of-savannah\/"},{"title":"Sir Guy Carleton","blurb":"Guy Carleton, First Baron of Dorchester, was the Governor of Quebec from 1768 to 1778, and Commander-in-Chief of British forces from 1782 to the conclusion of the Revolutionary War.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/sir-guy-carleton\/"},{"title":"Sir Henry Clinton","blurb":"The only son of a British Admiral, Sir Henry Clinton was raised in pre-revolutionary America.  ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/sir-henry-clinton\/"},{"title":"Slave Clothing","blurb":"In 1797, George Washington wrote to farm manager James Anderson in regards to clothing his slaves that?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/slave-clothing\/"},{"title":"Slave Control","blurb":"In addition to having overseers monitoring work on site, George Washington utilized a number of methods?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/slave-control\/"},{"title":"Slave Demographics","blurb":"According to George Washington's slave inventory, there were eighty-seven slaves on the Mansion House?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/slave-demographics\/"},{"title":"Slave Labor","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/slave-labor\/"},{"title":"Slave Quarters","blurb":"In many ways the Mount Vernon estate was comprised of several small African-American villages, presided?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/slave-quarters\/"},{"title":"Slave Religion","blurb":"Slaves working on the Mount Vernon plantation practiced a variety of religious traditions and experiences?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/slave-religion\/"},{"title":"Slave Resistance","blurb":"The enslaved population at Mount Vernon did not meekly accept their bondage, many resisted.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/slave-resistance\/"},{"title":"Slavery and Family","blurb":"A census of the enslaved community at Mount Vernon compiled in the summer of 1799 indicated that nearly two-thirds of the plantation's adult enslaved people were married. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/slavery-and-family\/"},{"title":"Slavery and Marriage","blurb":"Roughly two-thirds of the plantation's enslaved adults were married in 1799.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/slavery-and-marriage\/"},{"title":"Smallpox","blurb":"In the early years of the American Revolution, George Washington faced an invisible killer that he had?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/smallpox\/"},{"title":"Social Education","blurb":"Social education in colonial America went beyond academic learning. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/social-education\/"},{"title":"Society of the Cincinnati","blurb":"The Society of the Cincinnati was a fraternal and charitable association of Continental Army officers?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/society-of-the-cincinnati\/"},{"title":"Southern Strategy","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/southern-strategy\/"},{"title":"Southern Tour","blurb":"President George Washington coordinated a journey to the southern states between March 21 and June 4?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/southern-tour\/"},{"title":"Spurious Quotations","blurb":"The following is a list of quotations misattributed to George Washington that have been sent to the Mount?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/spurious-quotations\/"},{"title":"Stable","blurb":"The brick stable at the foot of the south lane at Mount Vernon was built in 1782, replacing a stable?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/stable\/"},{"title":"Status of Slaves in Washington's Will","blurb":"Composed by his own hand in relative secrecy in early July 1799, George Washington\u2019s \u201cLast Will and Testament,\u201d in addition to the dispersal of his estate, recognized the freedom of his enslaved workers\u00a0upon his wife Martha Washington\u2019s death. ","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/status-of-slaves-in-washington-s-will\/"},{"title":"Surveying","blurb":"George Washington was an avid land surveyor throughout his life. As a rigorous outdoorsman, Washington?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/surveying\/"},{"title":"Tea","blurb":"The Washingtons drank and acquired tea throughout their lives.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/tea\/"},{"title":"Tench Tilghman","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/tench-tilghman\/"},{"title":"Thanksgiving","blurb":"Since the settlement of the colonies, Americans were familiar with setting aside days of thanksgiving?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/thanksgiving\/"},{"title":"The Bull-Finch","blurb":"The Bull-Finch is a songster, that is, a bound collection of lyrics to songs without musical notation of their melodies and Mount Vernon's copy is inscribed "Martha Washington 1759" on the title page in George Washington's handwriting.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/the-bull-finch\/"},{"title":"The Civil War Years","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/the-civil-war-years\/"},{"title":"The Death of George Washington","blurb":"George Washington died on December 14, 1799.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/the-death-of-george-washington\/"},{"title":"The Journal of Major George Washington","blurb":"The journal provides a first-hand glimpse of frontier diplomacy, the beginnings of the French and Indian War, as well as early indications of Washington's well-documented physical vigor and leadership.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/the-journal-of-major-george-washington\/"},{"title":"The Kanawha Tracts","blurb":"The Great Kanawha River, also known as the Kanawha River, is a tributary of the Ohio River formed by?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/the-kanawha-tracts\/"},{"title":"The Little Parlor","blurb":"During George Washington's final redecorating campaign at Mount Vernon, the space that underwent the?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/the-little-parlor\/"},{"title":"The Marquis de Lafayette at Valley Forge","blurb":"The Marquis de Lafayette, who joined the Continental Army at age nineteen in the summer of 1777 as a?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/the-marquis-de-lafayette-at-valley-forge\/"},{"title":"The Potomac Company","blurb":"George Washington founded the Potowmack Company, an enterprise dedicated to improving the navigation on the Potomac River.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/the-potomac-company\/"},{"title":"The Rules of Civility and Decent Behaviour","blurb":"At some point before the age of sixteen, George Washington wrote The Rules of Civility and Decent Behaviour?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/the-rules-of-civility-and-decent-behaviour\/"},{"title":"The Style of Martha Washington","blurb":"Remaining images of Martha Washington are abundant. However, those drawn directly from her life are scarce?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/the-style-of-martha-washington\/"},{"title":"The Vaughan Plan","blurb":"Samuel Vaughan sketched a plan of the Mount Vernon mansion and the formal area around it in his journal, embellishing it with a perspective of the river and the Maryland shore beyond.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/the-vaughan-plan\/"},{"title":"Thomas Bishop","blurb":"A hired servant who worked at Mount Vernon, Thomas Bishop came to America with General Edward Braddock.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/thomas-bishop\/"},{"title":"Thomas Brooks","blurb":"Thomas Brooks, a carpenter and joiner, was hired to oversee George Washington's enslaved carpenters.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/thomas-brooks\/"},{"title":"Thomas Cresap","blurb":"An English-born merchant, explorer, militia leader, and land speculator who lived in the vicinity of?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/thomas-cresap\/"},{"title":"Thomas Gage","blurb":"In 1755, while struggling to save British forces during the French and Indian War, George Washington?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/thomas-gage\/"},{"title":"Thomas Green","blurb":"Thomas Green was a hired joiner and house-carpenter who worked for George Washington between 1782 and 1794.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/thomas-green\/"},{"title":"Thomas Jefferson","blurb":"Martha Washington often recalled the two saddest days of her life.  The first was December 14, 1799 when?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/thomas-jefferson\/"},{"title":"Thomas Mahony","blurb":"Thomas Mahony was an indentured house carpenter and joiner who worked at Mount Vernon from 1784 until 1792.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/thomas-mahony\/"},{"title":"Thomas Mifflin","blurb":"Thomas Mifflin was a distinguished merchant and politician from Pennsylvania who also served as a delegate?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/thomas-mifflin\/"},{"title":"Thomas Paine","blurb":"One of the most influential writers during the American Revolution, Thomas Paine also helped shape the?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/thomas-paine\/"},{"title":"Thomas Prichard Rossiter","blurb":"Thomas Prichard Rossiter was an American who made the pilgrimage to Mount Vernon in 1858.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/thomas-prichard-rossiter\/"},{"title":"Thomas Spear","blurb":"An indentured English joiner, Thomas Spear ran away from George Washington's employ on the night of April 19th, 1775","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/thomas-spear\/"},{"title":"Timothy Pickering","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/timothy-pickering\/"},{"title":"Toasting","blurb":"In the spring of 1783, citizens gathered in towns and cities across America to celebrate the signing?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/toasting\/"},{"title":"Tobacco","blurb":"The dried leaves of the tobacco plant became the major cash crop in colonial Virginia\u00a0after John Rolfe brought the seeds of a South American variety, Nicotiana tabacum, to Virginia in 1612.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/tobacco\/"},{"title":"Tobias Lear","blurb":"Tobias Lear served as the executive secretary to George Washington from 1786 to 1799. Lear was born in?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/tobias-lear\/"},{"title":"Tomb","blurb":"Learn more about the New Tomb at Mount Vernon - the Washington's final resting place.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/tomb\/"},{"title":"Touro Synagogue","blurb":"On August 18, 1790, congregants of the Touro Synagogue of Newport, Rhode Island, warmly welcomed George?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/touro-synagogue\/"},{"title":"Treaty of Aranjuez (1779)","blurb":"The Treaty of Aranjuez was a mutual military alliance treaty between France and Spain, officially signed on April 12, 1779.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/treaty-of-aranjuez-1779\/"},{"title":"Trinity Church","blurb":"Trinity Church of New York was an important site during the American Revolution and the founding era?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/trinity-church\/"},{"title":"Union Farm","blurb":"The Union Farm was one of George Washington's primary farms located near Mount Vernon.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/union-farm\/"},{"title":"Upper Garden","blurb":"The upper garden was established in the 1760s and paralleled the lower or kitchen garden to its south?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/upper-garden\/"},{"title":"Valley Forge","blurb":"Washington and the Continental army faced a true test of endurance at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777-1778.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/valley-forge\/"},{"title":"Vine and Fig Tree","blurb":""Under their vine and fig tree" is a phrase quoted in the Hebrew Scriptures in three different places:?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/vine-and-fig-tree\/"},{"title":"Washington and Architecture","blurb":"George Washington played a central role in designing the Mansion, outbuildings, and surrounding landscape at Mount Vernon.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/washington-and-architecture\/"},{"title":"Washington and the West","blurb":"Perhaps more than any other leader of the Revolutionary Era, George Washington was shaped by his experiences?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/washington-and-the-west\/"},{"title":"Washington Irving","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/washington-irving\/"},{"title":"Washington's Distillery","blurb":"By the spring of 1798 the distillery was in operation. In 1799?the year of Washington's death?over eighty transactions are noted for a total sale of 10,942 gallons of whiskey, valued at $7,674.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/washingtons-distillery\/"},{"title":"Washington's Views on Health","blurb":"Not quite three months before his death, George Washington commented in a letter to his farm manager that health was "amongst (if not the most) precious gift of Heaven," and noted that without it "we are but little capable of business, or enjoyment."1 Then sixty-seven years old, Washington had lived long enough and experienced illness close up?both in terms of his own health and that of his family and friends?to understand the importance of good health.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/washingtons-views-on-health\/"},{"title":"Watermark","blurb":"George Washington's watermark featured a central figure of Liberty leaning on a plow, holding a liberty?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/watermark\/"},{"title":"West Ford","blurb":"West Ford was born about 1784 at Bushfield Plantation in present Mount Holly, Virginia. He grew up there with his mother Venus, and grandparents Billy and Jenny. Bushfield, 95 miles south of Mount Vernon, was the property of George Washington\u2019s brother, John Augustine Washington and his wife, Hannah Bushrod Washington.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/west-ford\/"},{"title":"West Point","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/west-point\/"},{"title":"Whiskey Production","blurb":"In the late 1790s, Julian Niemcewicz, a Polish visitor to Mount Vernon, noted the presence of what he?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/whiskey-production\/"},{"title":"Whiskey Rebellion","blurb":"In January 1791, President George Washington's Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton proposed?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/whiskey-rebellion\/"},{"title":"Wilhelm von Knyphausen","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/wilhelm-von-knyphausen\/"},{"title":"William (Billy) Lee","blurb":"William Lee spent two decades as George Washington's enslaved valet accompanied him nearly everywhere.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-billy-lee\/"},{"title":"William Alexander, Lord Stirling","blurb":"William Alexander, Lord Sterling was one of George Washington's most loyal military subordinates during?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-alexander-lord-stirling\/"},{"title":"William Augustine Washington","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-augustine-washington\/"},{"title":"William Crawford","blurb":"In 1749, while surveying land for Lord Fairfax, George Washington met a young man remarkably like himself?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-crawford\/"},{"title":"William Garner","blurb":"William Garner was hired by George Washington on December 10, 1788, to be the overseer on River Farm.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-garner\/"},{"title":"William Livingston","blurb":"Noted lawyer, essayist, and political polemicist from New York, William Livingston was also elected the?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-livingston\/"},{"title":"William Moultrie","blurb":"","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-moultrie\/"},{"title":"William Palfrey","blurb":"William Palfrey was known for his work in mercantile and trade. He was also appointed an aide-de-camp to Major General Charles Lee during the Revolutionary War.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-palfrey\/"},{"title":"William Pearce","blurb":"William Pearce was a farm manager who worked for George Washington from 1793 until 1796.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-pearce\/"},{"title":"William Roberts","blurb":"A hired miller, William Roberts worked at Mount Vernon starting in 1770 until at least 1785.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-roberts\/"},{"title":"William Skilling","blurb":"William Skilling was a hired laborer who primarily worked for George Washington in the late 1760s.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-skilling\/"},{"title":"William Spence","blurb":"A hired gardener, William Spence arrived at Mount Vernon in late October of 1797.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-spence\/"},{"title":"William Stephens Smith (1755-1816)","blurb":"From the Battle of Long Island in 1776 until the withdrawal of British military forces from his native New York City in 1783, William Stephens Smith proved himself an exceptional military officer during the War for American Independence.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-stephens-smith-1755-1816\/"},{"title":"William Stewart","blurb":"A hired overseer at River Farm, William Stewart worked at Mount Vernon between 1794 and 1797.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-stewart\/"},{"title":"William Triplett","blurb":"William Triplett was a long-time neighbor and friend of George Washington.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-triplett\/"},{"title":"William Washington","blurb":"A distant cousin to George Washington, William Washington was a celebrated officer of the Continental?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-washington\/"},{"title":"William Winstanley","blurb":"William Winstanley was an English-born landscape artist who came to the United States in the early 1790s and has been recognized as one of the first landscape painters in what is now the United States.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/william-winstanley\/"},{"title":"Wills Creek","blurb":"Wills Creek, later incorporated as Cumberland, Maryland, had recurring significance for George Washington?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/wills-creek\/"},{"title":"Winchester, Virginia","blurb":"For a decade, from 1748 until 1758, George Washington spent more nights in Winchester than any other place.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/winchester-virginia\/"},{"title":"Wooden Teeth Myth","blurb":"Next to the Cherry Tree legend, the story that George Washington wore wooden dentures arguably remains the most widespread.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/wooden-teeth-myth\/"},{"title":"Writing in the 18th Century","blurb":"Writing in George Washington\u2019s era was a complex technical process that required a diverse array of materials and techniques, often difficult or expensive to acquire, and laden with social meaning.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/writing-in-the-18th-century\/"},{"title":"XYZ Affair","blurb":"Between the onset of the French Revolution in 1789 and the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at Waterloo?","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/xyz-affair\/"},{"title":"Yorktown Campaign","blurb":"The victory at Yorktown ended the major combat during the Revolutionary War and led to American independence.","link":"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/yorktown-campaign\/"}]